Serangga perosak boleh mendatangkan kerosakan pada tanaman yang mana ianya boleh menyalurkan toksin, bakteria, kulat atau patogen (virus) pada persekitaran rumah hijau yang tertutup. Memang pada dasarnya rumah lindungan hujan yang ditutup dengan jaring kalis serangga selamat dari serangan makhluk perosak. Namun, sekiranya ada sekelompok serangga terlepas masuk ke dalam kawasan tanaman, maka ia akan lebih cepat membiakerana terlindung dari pemangsa yang selalunya lebih besar saiznya. Oleh itu, kawalan adalah juga perlu. Selalunya, mana-mana rumah lindungan akan memasang pelekat kuning berhampiran dengan tanaman untuk mengenalpasti adakah serangga yang terlepas masuk ke dalam rumah hijau. Kita akan mempelajari jenis-jenis serangga yang biasa terdapat dalam persekitaran rumah hijau yang boleh merosakkan pokok:
1) Aphid - Sejenis serangga berkaki enam yang boleh bertukar jantina mengikut keadaan. Kadar pembiakkannya sangat cepat terutamanya di persekitaran tertutup seperti di dalam rumah hijau. Aphid selalunya menyerang tanaman buah seperti Sweet Melon, Tembikai Susu (Honeydew), tomato, Capsicum, timun jepun dan sebagainya. Ia akan menghisap cecair bergula pada buah, batang dan daun. Symtomnya dapat dilihat pada daun tanaman yang melengkung ke atas yang akhirnya akan mengurangkan kadar fotosintesis serta membantutkan pertumbuhannya. Ia juga boleh menyuntik kandungan toksin dan memindahkan virus (terutamanya dari Aphid dewasa yang bersayap)
Kawalan : Saya mengesyorkan kawalan biologi terlebih dahulu supaya kita dapat mengelakkan penggunaan racun. Musuh Aphid yang paling ampuh ialah sejenis lalat hijau dan juga Ladybug (Ladybird) dan juga Tebuan. Anda boleh membiakkan serangga ini di dalam persekitaran rumah lindungan untuk menghapuskan Aphid. Tetapi harus diingat bahawa semut merang adalah sahabat setia Aphid. Mereka akan cuba melindunginya dari dimakan oleh serangga pemangsa. Hanya apabila serangan menjadi tidak terkawal, maka barulah gunakan racun seperti minyak putih, Albolineum No.2, Malathion, Tamaron atau Deltamethrin. Kawalan biologi haruslah diberi keutamaan terlebih dahulu kerana ianya lebih selamat, alami, menjimatkan masa dan kos membeli racun dan upah meracun
Ladybird memakan Aphid sedangkan Semut cuba melindunginya. Gambar sebelah menunjukkan tebuan sedang menyerang Aphid
___________________________________________________________________Ladybird memakan Aphid sedangkan Semut cuba melindunginya. Gambar sebelah menunjukkan tebuan sedang menyerang Aphid
Insects and mites can cause physical damage to plants, or transmit toxins, bacteria, fungi or viruses from plant to plant. CEA can help exclude many insects and mites from the greenhouse environment. The closed nature of the greenhouse in conjunction with insect screening on vents and air intakes can create an effective barrier. However, the greenhouse environment coupled with the typical monoculture that is grown there can create a perfect breeding ground for insects and mites that do manage to get in and population explosions can occur quickly.
Many insects and mites harm plants. However, several groups are of major concern in
CEA/hydroponics. If not monitored closely and controlled immediately,
populations of pests can explode quickly and devastate a crop.
1). Aphids (several genera):
*Appearance: 6 legs/insect, round body, several colors (white, green, tan, black).
*Life cycle: Complicated: reproduce asexually in summer, sexually in winter.
Young born complete (miniature adults) and molt 4 times. White “cast skins” indicate the presence of molting young. Can be wingless or winged if populations high or when changing hosts. Mainly produce females (except in winter for sexual reproduction). High growth rate: 40-100 larvae/aphid (3-10/day over a few weeks).
*Damage: Young and adults suck plant sap (high in sugar); plant growth is reduced,
and leaves curl upward. Excess sugar is excreted as honeydew that drops onto lower leaves;
sooty molds colonize the honeydew and reduce photosynthesis. Toxic substances can be injected. Pathogens (esp. viruses) can be transmitted (mainly by winged adults).
*Control/Natural enemies: Gall-midge (Aphidoletes aphidimyza): same family as flies, mosquitoes. Gall-midge larvae inject poison that paralyzes and liquefies the aphid’s insides which can then be drained. Parasitic wasps (Ex. Aphidius matricariae): The wasp lays an egg on the aphid which then swells and hardens (“mummy”). After growth, the adult wasp leaves the mummy through a circular hole. Verticillium lecanii: A fungus that parasitizes and ultimately kills aphids. Ladybird Beetles or lady bugs (Hippodamia convergens) and Lacewings
(Chrysoperla carnea) also provide control of aphids.
Many insects and mites harm plants. However, several groups are of major concern in
CEA/hydroponics. If not monitored closely and controlled immediately,
populations of pests can explode quickly and devastate a crop.
1). Aphids (several genera):
*Appearance: 6 legs/insect, round body, several colors (white, green, tan, black).
*Life cycle: Complicated: reproduce asexually in summer, sexually in winter.
Young born complete (miniature adults) and molt 4 times. White “cast skins” indicate the presence of molting young. Can be wingless or winged if populations high or when changing hosts. Mainly produce females (except in winter for sexual reproduction). High growth rate: 40-100 larvae/aphid (3-10/day over a few weeks).
*Damage: Young and adults suck plant sap (high in sugar); plant growth is reduced,
and leaves curl upward. Excess sugar is excreted as honeydew that drops onto lower leaves;
sooty molds colonize the honeydew and reduce photosynthesis. Toxic substances can be injected. Pathogens (esp. viruses) can be transmitted (mainly by winged adults).
*Control/Natural enemies: Gall-midge (Aphidoletes aphidimyza): same family as flies, mosquitoes. Gall-midge larvae inject poison that paralyzes and liquefies the aphid’s insides which can then be drained. Parasitic wasps (Ex. Aphidius matricariae): The wasp lays an egg on the aphid which then swells and hardens (“mummy”). After growth, the adult wasp leaves the mummy through a circular hole. Verticillium lecanii: A fungus that parasitizes and ultimately kills aphids. Ladybird Beetles or lady bugs (Hippodamia convergens) and Lacewings
(Chrysoperla carnea) also provide control of aphids.
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