Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The prevention and control of pests and diseases
using all existing crop protection techniques and strategies:

*Techniques and strategies that prevent pests and diseases:

1. Hygienic measures:*Start with clean seed and/or transplants. *Remove old plant material (source of disease inoculum and refuge for insects) from greenhouse and dispose of. *Solarization: increase the temperature set point in the greenhouse after the last crop is removed. This can kill harmful organisms on gravel, walls, tubing, etc.
*Remove weeds inside and outside the greenhouse (these can be hosts for insects and diseases for present and future crops). *Prevent transmission of pests/disease by humans/machines/tools. (“Hygiene coats” for guests; disinfect shoes/hands/tools.)
Note: Skimmed milk can encapsulate viruses on tools!
*Prevent transmission of pests/diseases in the irrigation water by
filtering, UV radiation or ozone treatment.
2. Mechanical measures: *Use insect netting (several sizes specific to different insects) over
air intakes or vents to prevent entry. *Use a plastic or woven floor covering to isolate the plants from insect pests and diseases in the soil below.
3. Cultural practices: *Optimize plant growth: a healthy plant is a more resistant plant.
*Avoid plant damage (creates easy entry for disease). *Plant workers should move from clean to infested areas. *Although greenhouse hydroponic crops are planted at higher densities than field crops , too high of planting densities can result in thin, weak plants that are more susceptible to pests/diseases. *Maintain a regular harvest schedule – plants allowed to get over or under-loaded with fruit may become weakened. *Can use “crop rotation” – alternating host and non-host crops. This is not usually done in greenhouse hydroponics.
4. Genetic/transgenic/other control: *Use “resistant” or “tolerant” varieties. If growing “susceptible” varieties, grow during times of low infestations. *Note: There may be a trade-off between growing resistant or tolerant species/varieties and maintaining maximum yields.
*Can use plant material from tissue culture – disease free.

SERANGGA PEROSAK TANAMAN HYDROPONIC / INSECT AND MITE PESTS

Kupu-kupu & Rama-rama - Sebagaimana pada gambar di atas, ia merupakan serangga yang berkaki enam dengan sepasang sayap. Ia boleh bertelur di bawah daun dan menetaskan ulat bulu yang mempunyai rahang gigi yang kuat dan boleh memakan daun dari bahagian bawah serta membuat lubang pada batang dan buah. Ia juga boleh merosakkan bunga.
Kawalan biologi yang terbaik ialah dengan menggunakan sejenis bakteria mesra pokok (Bacillus thuringiensis) tetapi boleh membunuh larva rama-rama jika dimakan. namun begitu, untuk mencegah serangga jenis ini, adalah disarankan agar memasang jaring kalis serannga pada rumah lindungan hujan (greenhouse).

Hama Bintat - Sejenis haiwan seni seakan lintah dari pelbagai jenis dan warna yang boleh menghisap dan merosakkan daun & batang terutamanya pada pokok tomato. Daun akan kelihatan berbintat dan menjadi rosak. Ia juga boleh memindahkan virus & fungus pada tanaman.
Kawalan - Dengan menabur serbuk sulfur secara merata termasuk di kawasan yang belum terkena serangan boleh mengawal serangan haiwan tersebut Europhyid mites cocoon - Kepompong Hama bintat pada daun tanaman
__________________________________________________

Butterflies and Moths (Order Lepidoptera , 5 species in the family Noctuidae and one in the family Tortricidae are important in greenhouse culture.)

• Appearance: 6 legs (winged insects); varying sizes with 2 pairs of wings.

• Life cycle: 4 stages: Egg – laid on leaves or even glass or greenhouse structures. Larva – a caterpillar: well developed head with strong jaws; 3 pairs of real legs on the front, 5 pairs of false legs on the rear. Molt 3-9 times. Pupa – a resting stage during which the larva is transformed. Adult – winged butterfly or moth.
  

• Damage: The larval stage or caterpillar causes immense damage. They feed on the undersides of leaves though larger ones will eat holes through the leaves. Certain types will bore into the stems, flowers, fruits and growing points. Their excrement can contaminate the crop.

• Control/Natural enemies: Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki: this bacterium kills larvae when eaten.

Eriophyid mites (Eriophyes sp.) Also gall, rust, russet, bud and blister mites.

• Appearance: (Spider family) Invisible to the unaided eye; 4 legs; worm, spindle or tear drop shaped; usually clear bodies with 2 parts – a mouth and a body.
  

• Life cycle: Egg; larva; nymph; adult. Unlike other mites, they have only 4 legs.

• Damage: Each species has a narrow range of host plants. Tomato stems and leaf petioles take on a reddish (russet) appearance. Leaflets will show chlorosis then necrosis from the petiole base outward. May be capable of transmitting viruses during feeding and moving fungi or other plant diseases during their movement from plant to plant.
  

• Control/Natural enemies: There are no known beneficial enemies of this group of mites. Dusting sulfur is effective but it must be applied evenly not only on the reddish areas (where mites have been), but above/below where mites are now feeding but are invisible to the unaided eye

Serangga Perosak Tanaman - Lalat Putih / INSECT AND MITE PESTS - WHITEFLY

Lalat Putih - Lalat Putih adalah merupakan sejenis serangga yang biasa menyerang tanaman Hydroponic samada yang terbuka maupun yang berjaring kalis serangga kerana saiznya yang sangat kecil membolehkan ia menyusup masuk melalui lubang jaring yang bersaiz 32 mesh. Ia menetap dan bertelur di bawah daun ataupun pada batang pokok.
Larva dan Lalat Putih dewasa menghisap cecair tanaman dan menyekat pertumbuhannya serta mengurangkan kadar fotosintesis. Koloni Lalat Putih membina sarang dan bertelur pada daun dan buah mengakibatkan ia kelihatan seperti tompokan-tompokan putih yang hodoh dan merosakkan tanaman tersebut. Ia juga membawa bersama virus yang dipindahkan pada tanaman dan mengakibatkan penyakit yang sukar dirawat. Ia biasa kelihatan pada tanaman cili dan Melon dari struktur daunnya yang kelihatan melengkung ke bawah (mengerinting).
Kawalan/Musuh biologi - Tebuan Parasit merupakan sejenis serangga pemangsa yang terbaik untuk mengawal pembiakan Lalat Putih secara biologi. Ia akan bertelur pada larva Lalat Putih dan memakannya. Saya mencadangkan penggunaan serangga pemangsa sebagai kawalan. Hanya jika ia tidak dapat dikawal, barulah anda boleh menggunakan racun serangga. Racun serangga perosak yang sesuai untuk mengawal Lalat Putih antaranya ialah Minyak Putih, Unden atau Tamaron (Racun sentuh) atau dari jenis racun serap seperti Birlande 24% EC, Perfekthion 40 EC atau Furadan 3G. Anda haruslah menggunakannya dengan berhati-hati dan elakkan dari membunuh serangga pemangsa yang bermanfaat.

___________________________________________________________________
Whitefly - Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Greenhouse whitefly), Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Sweet Potato whitefly)

• Appearance: (Insect) Both are white in color. Trialeurodes holds its wings out giving it more of a triangular shape, whereas Bemisia appears more linear.
  

• Life cycle: Essentially 7 stages: Egg: on a stalk on the leaf underside, sometimes with several in a circle. 4 larval stages: initially with legs, but lose their legs after they pierce the leaf tissue and begin to feed. Pupal (or false pupa) stage: sedentary stage; adult red eye color appears. Adult: emerges from the pupa. This stage also feeds.
  

• Damage: Larvae and adults pierce and suck juices from plant cells causing reduced photosynthesis and growth, leaf drop and reduced harvest. Larvae and adults excrete honeydew onto leaves and fruit. Molds colonize the honeydew reducing photosynthesis and transpiration on leaves and leaving sticky, “dirty” deposits on fruit (unmarketable).Both whiteflies have been shown to transmit viruses.
  

• Control/Natural enemies: Parasitic wasps: An egg is laid in the whitefly larvae (3rd or young 4th stages preferred). The egg hatches and the wasp larvae devours the whitefly larvae, then uses the host’s shell to develop to adult which emerges through a small round hole in the host’s shell. The wasp Encarsia formosa prefers the whitefly Trialeurodes. Upon entry the wasp larvae turns the w.f. pupa black. The wasp Eretmocerus eremicus prefers the whitefly Bemisia. Upon entry the wasp larvae turns the w.f. pupa golden. Verticillium lecanii: A fungus that parasitizes and ultimately kills whitefly

Tebuan adalah haiwan pemangsa yang terbaik bagi mengawal Lalat Putih, selain ia juga boleh membantu pendebungaan pokok. Anda boleh mengambil sarangnya dan dibawa masuk ke rumah lindungan hujan anda. Itu pun jika anda tak takut disengat olehnya.

Serangga Perosak Tanaman - TERITIP / INSECT AND MITE PESTS - THRIPS

Teritip - Teritip adalah sejenis serangga penghisap yang tinggal dan bertelur di permukaan daun, kelopak bunga atau batang yang lembut. Kepompong teritip akan menghisap cecair tumbuhan, mematikan sel-sel tanaman dan menjadikannya bertukar kepada warna kelabu perak, menghilangkan klorofil daun dan mengurangkan fotosintesis. Ia juga merosakkan buah (terutamanya tomato, timun dan lada benggala). Ia juga akan memindahkan virus yang akan menyerang buah terutamanya pada tomato (lihat gambar di bawah).

Kawalan/Musuh semulajadi: Kumbang pemusnah (Lihat gambar di bawah) adalah musuh utama Teritip. Ia adalah sejenis kumbang bersaiz kecil yang memiliki tubuh yang leper dan mulut yang tersembol keluar yang digunakan untuk menghisap kepompong dan tubuh Teritip Saya mencadangkan penggunaan serangga pemangsa sebagai kawalan. Hanya jika ia tidak dapat dikawal, barulah anda boleh menggunakan racun serangga. Racun serangga perosak yang sesuai untuk mengawal Teritip antaranya ialah Minyak Putih, Albolineum No 2 atau Malathion (Racun sentuh). Anda haruslah menggunakannya dengan berhati-hati dan berkala serta elakkan dari membunuh serangga pemangsa yang bermanfaat..

Thrips (Thrips tabaci, T. fuscipennis and Frankliniella occidentalis):
*Appearance: 6 legs (smallest of the winged insects); long and narrow; tan.
*Life cycle: 6 stages:
Egg - laid inside the leaf surface, flower petals or soft stems – causes small warts on sweet pepper leaves.
2 larval stages – these are very active and feed on all aerial parts of the plant. After these stages they drop to the ground and pupate.
2 pupal stages – these stages do not feed. Wing stumps begin to form. Adult – has two pairs of wings. Young thrips resemble adults in shape but are yellow in colour and wingless. Adult males are pale yellow in colour; females vary from pale yellow to dark brown and are larger than males.
BODY LENGTH: Adult - 1.2 mm; Mature nymph- 1.0 mm. .

*Damage: Larvae pierce and suck out cell contents; cells die and turn silvery gray. Loss of chlorophyll; decreased photosynthesis; brittle leaves. Black spots appear – these are the excrement of the thrips. Also damage to fruit (tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers) and flowers.
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus: is acquired by the larvae during feeding on infected plants but TSWV is transmitted exclusively by the adults.
*Control/Natural enemies:
Predatory mites (Amblyseius barkeri and A.cucumeris) eat thrips. They are shipped in “sachets” with “grain mites” (plant/fungus feeders and food for the beneficials to eat during shipping). Hang sachets in the crop for a max. of 2 weeks and then removed to avoid grain mite
infestation on the plants. (Grain mites: see Eriophyid mites below) Predatory bugs of the genus Orius with flattened bodies and protruding mouth parts for sucking the juices from the thrips body.
Verticillium lecanii: a fungus that parasitizes and ultimately kills thrips.This fungus does not harm other natural enemies of the thrips.


The impact of Thrips attack on plants and crops. Tomato plants is Thrip's favourites

Serangga Perosak Tanaman - Labah-labah Merah / INSECT AND MITE PESTS 2 - Red Spider Mites

Red spider mites (Tetranychus urticae and T. cinnabarinus):
*Appearance: 8 legs (spider family); ovoid bodies; variable color (green, yellow,
orange and black but reddish brown when feeding on tomatoes).
*Life cycle: 5 stages: egg, larva, first nymphal (6 legs), second nymphal, adult.
Time in each stage depends on temperature (~30C/86F is optimal).
The population = 75% females, 25% males.
*Damage: Larvae, nymphs and adults pierce plant cells and suck out the contents usually from the under side of leaves. Chlorophyll is destroyed leaving yellow patches and photosynthesis decreases. These patches are a major problem on ornamentals. Nymphs and adults produce webbing which are swarming with mites and give the leaf a reddish hue.
*Control/Natural enemies: Dusting sulfur is an effect miticide. DO NOT dust beneficial mites or bees. The predatory mite (Phytoseiulus persimillis): Belongs to the same order as the red spider mite – Acarina. Nymphs and adults eat spider mites. Feeding depends on populations.
___________________________________________________________________

Labah-labah merah adalah sejenis serangga seni yang boleh merosakkan sel tumbuhan dan menghisap cecair tanaman dari bawah daun. Bahan klorofil akan dirosakkan dan meninggalkan tompok-tompok kuning dan akhirnya mengurangkan kadar fotosintesis. Tompok-tompok ini adalah masalah utama bagi penghasilan bunga bagi tumbuhan. Anak serangga dan labah-labah dewasa menghasilkan sarang yang akan dikerumuni oleh anai-anai dan menjadikan daun kelihatan merah pucat.
Kawalan/Musuh semulajadi: Menabur serbuk sulfur berkesan menghapuskan serangga ini. Akan tetapi jangan meracun jika anda dapati serangga pemusuh yang bermanfaat sudah mula memasuki kawasan tanaman seperti lebah dan sejenis lagi serangga yang berasal dari jenis yang sama iaitu Acarina yang mana boleh memakan labah-labah merah.

Kawalan Serangga & Makhluk Perosak Di Rumah Hijau / Pests & Insects Control in Greenhouse Area

The purpose of using yellow sticky traps is not only to control harmful insects but is also a way to know what type of insects entering the plantation area before deciding any other control measures

Seperti kawalan penyakit, pengawalan dan rawatan serangan makhluk perosak dilakukan secara bersepadu. Amalan ini melibatkan kawalan kultur, kawalan kimia dan kawalan biologi. Kawalan kultur melibatkan penbersihan persekitaran kebun, pengairan dan pembajaan. Sisa tumbuh-tumbuhan & semak samun selalunya menjadi perumah kepada serangga perosak mestilah dibakar. Untuk mengelakkan pembiakan serangga perosak, para pekebun dinasihatkan menanam jenis-jenis tanaman secara giliran dari satu musim ke musim yang lain. Kawalan biologi melibatkan penggunaan serangga pemangsa seperti ladybird, kerengga, tebuan, lebah atau labah-labah. Racun serangga haruslah menjadi pilihan terakhir sekiranya tidak dapat dikawal. Dalam penggunaan racun kimia, pekebun haruslah berhati-hati supaya ianya tidak menghapuskan populasi serangga pemangsa yang berfaedah ini.

___________________________________________________________________

It's easier to prevent insect infestations than to get rid of bugs later. Try and keep your grow room perfectly clean (hospital-like) and don't let it get too humid. Wash your hands and take off your shoes before entering. Don't let house pets into your growing area.

There are four ways to deal with insects:

1. Yellow sticky traps - best used to help prevent problems or in combination with other treatment.
2. Predators - biological warfare at its best.
3. Natural insecticides - safer and often effective.
4. Chemical insecticides - last resort.

There are plenty of choice in each category including well known brand names such as Safer, Virkon, Magic Mist and Pokon. There are also fungicides as well as animal repellents to keep bigger pests and pets away from your garden.

Note:Predatory bugs are beneficials in controlling harmfull pests and insects.The use of Insecticides is always the last resort but always start with the natural and safer one

SERANGGA PEROSAK TANAMAN HYDROPONIC/INSECT AND MITE PESTS - APHIDS

Serangga perosak boleh mendatangkan kerosakan pada tanaman yang mana ianya boleh menyalurkan toksin, bakteria, kulat atau patogen (virus) pada persekitaran rumah hijau yang tertutup. Memang pada dasarnya rumah lindungan hujan yang ditutup dengan jaring kalis serangga selamat dari serangan makhluk perosak. Namun, sekiranya ada sekelompok serangga terlepas masuk ke dalam kawasan tanaman, maka ia akan lebih cepat membiakerana terlindung dari pemangsa yang selalunya lebih besar saiznya. Oleh itu, kawalan adalah juga perlu. Selalunya, mana-mana rumah lindungan akan memasang pelekat kuning berhampiran dengan tanaman untuk mengenalpasti adakah serangga yang terlepas masuk ke dalam rumah hijau. Kita akan mempelajari jenis-jenis serangga yang biasa terdapat dalam persekitaran rumah hijau yang boleh merosakkan pokok:

1) Aphid - Sejenis serangga berkaki enam yang boleh bertukar jantina mengikut keadaan. Kadar pembiakkannya sangat cepat terutamanya di persekitaran tertutup seperti di dalam rumah hijau. Aphid selalunya menyerang tanaman buah seperti Sweet Melon, Tembikai Susu (Honeydew), tomato, Capsicum, timun jepun dan sebagainya. Ia akan menghisap cecair bergula pada buah, batang dan daun. Symtomnya dapat dilihat pada daun tanaman yang melengkung ke atas yang akhirnya akan mengurangkan kadar fotosintesis serta membantutkan pertumbuhannya. Ia juga boleh menyuntik kandungan toksin dan memindahkan virus (terutamanya dari Aphid dewasa yang bersayap)

Kawalan : Saya mengesyorkan kawalan biologi terlebih dahulu supaya kita dapat mengelakkan penggunaan racun. Musuh Aphid yang paling ampuh ialah sejenis lalat hijau dan juga Ladybug (Ladybird) dan juga Tebuan. Anda boleh membiakkan serangga ini di dalam persekitaran rumah lindungan untuk menghapuskan Aphid. Tetapi harus diingat bahawa semut merang adalah sahabat setia Aphid. Mereka akan cuba melindunginya dari dimakan oleh serangga pemangsa. Hanya apabila serangan menjadi tidak terkawal, maka barulah gunakan racun seperti minyak putih, Albolineum No.2, Malathion, Tamaron atau Deltamethrin. Kawalan biologi haruslah diberi keutamaan terlebih dahulu kerana ianya lebih selamat, alami, menjimatkan masa dan kos membeli racun dan upah meracun


Ladybird memakan Aphid sedangkan Semut cuba melindunginya. Gambar sebelah menunjukkan tebuan sedang menyerang Aphid

___________________________________________________________________

Insects and mites can cause physical damage to plants, or transmit toxins, bacteria, fungi or viruses from plant to plant. CEA can help exclude many insects and mites from the greenhouse environment. The closed nature of the greenhouse in conjunction with insect screening on vents and air intakes can create an effective barrier. However, the greenhouse environment coupled with the typical monoculture that is grown there can create a perfect breeding ground for insects and mites that do manage to get in and population explosions can occur quickly.

Many insects and mites harm plants. However, several groups are of major concern in
CEA/hydroponics. If not monitored closely and controlled immediately,
populations of pests can explode quickly and devastate a crop.

1). Aphids (several genera):
*Appearance: 6 legs/insect, round body, several colors (white, green, tan, black).
*Life cycle: Complicated: reproduce asexually in summer, sexually in winter.
Young born complete (miniature adults) and molt 4 times. White “cast skins” indicate the presence of molting young. Can be wingless or winged if populations high or when changing hosts. Mainly produce females (except in winter for sexual reproduction). High growth rate: 40-100 larvae/aphid (3-10/day over a few weeks).
*Damage: Young and adults suck plant sap (high in sugar); plant growth is reduced,
and leaves curl upward. Excess sugar is excreted as honeydew that drops onto lower leaves;
sooty molds colonize the honeydew and reduce photosynthesis. Toxic substances can be injected. Pathogens (esp. viruses) can be transmitted (mainly by winged adults).
*Control/Natural enemies: Gall-midge (Aphidoletes aphidimyza): same family as flies, mosquitoes. Gall-midge larvae inject poison that paralyzes and liquefies the aphid’s insides which can then be drained. Parasitic wasps (Ex. Aphidius matricariae): The wasp lays an egg on the aphid which then swells and hardens (“mummy”). After growth, the adult wasp leaves the mummy through a circular hole. Verticillium lecanii: A fungus that parasitizes and ultimately kills aphids. Ladybird Beetles or lady bugs (Hippodamia convergens) and Lacewings
(Chrysoperla carnea) also provide control of aphids.

Perlindungan Untuk Tanaman / Plant Protection - Haiwan & Serangga perosak 1

PENGENALAN: Tanaman memerlukan perlindungan dari beberapa perkara:

• Haiwan - Dari pelbagai jenis termasuklah burung-burung, haiwan pemakan tanaman/bunga seperti siput dan tikus, semut dan lain-lain. (Sebahagian besar dari haiwan-haiwan jenis ini dapat dielakkan dengan menggunakan rumah lindungan yang berjaring). Oleh itu, ianya bukanlah masalah utama bagi kaedah penanaman hidroponik/fertigasi/aeroponik dan seumpamanya.
• Serangga - Serangga boleh mendatangkan masalah dalam pelbagai segi: * kemusnahan fizikal secara langsung seperti memakan daun, bunga atau buah * suntikan bahan toksin dari tubuh serangga yang boleh membantutkan pertumbuhan pokok atau pembuahan * Pemindahan bakteria, virus atau patogen yang menjadi organisma yang menyebabkan penyakit pada tanaman. Serangga merupakan perosak tanaman yang utama. Serangannya boleh merosakkan secara langsung akar, batang, daun, bunga dan buah. Jenis-jenis serangga yang biasa menyerang tanaman (terutamanya sayuran daun/buah) terdiri daripada serangga penghisap seperti koya-koya dan bena, serangga penebuk atau pengorek seperti Dacus, pemakan daun dan pemotong daun seperti belalang tanah, ulat gulung dan ulat ribu, pemakan bunga dan pemakan akar seperti sorok-sorok atau yang membawa virus/patogen di kakinya seperti teritip dan white fly. (walaupun sebahagian besar jenis serangga ini boleh dielakkan dengan memasang jaring kalis serangga yang paling kecil lubangnya seperti saiz 16 mesh, namun kawalan masih perlu kerana ada juga serangga yang masih boleh melepasi lubang jaring tersebut)

Lalat putih (whitefly) dari dekat dan bagaimana koloni lalat putih ini boleh merosakkan daun. Bahaya lalat putih ialah kerana ia membawa virus yang merosakkan tanaman seperti cili (menyebabkan penyakit kerinting pada daun dan tunas) ------------->
___________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION

Plants need to be protected against several things:

• Animals - of all sorts, including 1) Birds that steal fruit from trees, shrubs, vines, etc. 2)Herbivores that browse your favorite fruits and flowers 3) Harvester ants that denude your shrubs of leaves to feed to their fungus 4) Errant children who want your tomatoes, peppers, etc. (NOTE: Most of these problems can be solved by erecting some form of physical barrier between the perpetrator and your prized plants. Barriers might include a fence or wall, bird netting, “tangle foot”or even a locked greenhouse.)NOTE: The above animals do not usually pose a significant problem in CEA and will therefore not be considered further here.

• Insect and mite pests: Whiteflies, aphids, thrips, spider mites and other pests do pose a significant threat, particularly to crops growing in greenhouses. Insects and mites can cause different types of damage: Direct physical damage: chewing, sucking, etc. Injection of toxins into the plant during feeding that effect growth or quality of the plant and/or fruit. Transmission of bacterial, fungal or viral diseases. Disease-causing organisms: In order for a pathogen to be considered “disease causing” it must meet 4 criteria, “Koch’s Rules” (from Plant Pathology by Agrios, 1988): 1) The pathogen must be found associated with the disease in all the diseased plants examined. 2) The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture on nutrient media, and its characteristics described (non-obligate parasites), or on a susceptible host plant (obligate parasites), and its appearance and effects recorded. 3) The pathogen from pure culture must be inoculated on healthy plants of the same species or variety on which the disease appears, and it must produce the same disease on the inoculated plants. 4) The pathogen must be isolated in pure culture again, and its characteristics must be exactly like those observed in step 2.

Tripps (teritip) & Traces of caterpillar on leaves --------------------->